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1.
红外与铂电阻地表温度测值分析对比 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
介绍了红外与铂电阻观测地表温度的方法和原理及影响因素。通过2007年1月至2008年2月锡林浩特国家气候观象台红外与铂电阻地表温度对比观测试验获取数据对比,分析不同典型天气条件下(高温、低温、降雨、降雪覆盖等)观测差值的变化情况。结果表明,观测结果差异的大小主要受太阳辐射和下垫面状况影响。夏季高温时,铂电阻地表温度传感器受太阳辐射影响较大,两者的观测差值在白天较大,夜晚较小;冬季低温时,两者的观测差值日变化较小,且观测资料具有很好的可比性;降雨时,下垫面状况发生变化,同时不受太阳辐射影响,两者的观测差值会减小;降雪覆盖时,两者的观测值由于下垫面状况发生变化,观测对象发生变化而不再一致,红外观测值高于铂电阻观测值,随着积雪的融化,差值逐渐变小。 相似文献
2.
超声波传感器雪深测量与人工观测对比试验分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对2010年2、3月佳木斯国家基准气候观测站人工观测与超声波雪深传感器测量获取数据对比、分析不同天气条件下（高风速、低风速、低温度）两种方法获得的数据差值的变化情况。结果表明：观测结果差异的大小主要受温度和风速两个因素的影响。低温环境下温度会影响超声波的行程时间使得超声波传感器的测量精度受到影响,通过温度补偿的方法对雪深进行订正可以提高超声波传感器的测量精度,两者的差值较小,且观测资料有较好的可比性;高风速时,风速会影响超声波脉冲,使其偏离传感器的下方,同时超声波的速度也会受到影响,从而影响测量结果,使得两者的差值较大。 相似文献
3.
利用公益性行业（气象）科研专项项目＂藏东南地区复杂下垫面地气交换观测研究＂在藏东南地区进行的地气交换观测实验数据,分析典型晴天和阴天条件下不同下垫面能量过程的特征及其差异。结果表明：在典型晴空状态下,不同下垫面的地表净辐射均具有明显的日变化特征,在典型阴天的情况下,不同下垫面地表净辐射日均值显著减小;在典型晴空天气下,4种类型下垫面上潜热均随着净辐射的增加而表现为增加的趋势,在典型阴天的情况下,潜热通量明显比晴空天气小;不同下垫面感热通量的日变化存在显著的差异,不同下垫面感热的变化特征在典型晴空和阴天条件下的差异不明显;不同下垫面土壤热通量与净辐射的变化趋势基本一致,阴天夜晚土壤热流的交换与晴天夜晚的差异不大,四种下垫面土壤均存在能量损失,土壤处于降温状态。 相似文献
4.
利用重庆市巴南区花溪城市站的多种下垫面(石板、水面、泥土、鹅卵石、草地、水泥、沥青等)及裸露空气(裸温)温度观测资料,分析了各下垫面温度及裸温的季、月、日变化特征和变化规律,结果如下:(1)各下垫面温度和裸温具有显著的季、月变化特征,夏季(尤其是7月)最高,春秋次之,冬季最低。各观测项之间温度的差异在夏季最为明显,冬季差异最小;(2)各下垫面温度和裸温日变化趋势与百叶箱气温基本一致。白天,水泥和沥青的温度值较高,日变化幅度最大,夜间水泥温度最高,草地温度最低;(3)无论是连晴高温天气还是连阴雨天气,水面温度的日变化幅度都最小,主要原因是各下垫面中水的热容量最大,水泥和沥青的热容量则相对较小,即在相同的太阳辐射条件下,水面温度变化最小,水泥和沥青温度则变化较大。连阴雨天气下,夜间各观测项之间差异相对明显,且夜间水泥温度一直处于较低位置,这是与连晴高温时的不同之处。 相似文献
5.
利用2009年10月-2010年3月湖北省武英高速凤凰关水库自动气象站逐时路、桥面温度和常规气象资料,分析了冬季典型天空状况（晴空、阴天）和天气过程（雾、降雨、降雪）中气温、路面温度和桥面温度的变化规律。结果表明,夜间桥面温度与气温接近,比路面温度低2℃,桥面0℃以下的低温维持时间为路面维持时间的2倍左右。利用下垫面能量平衡模型,分别计算冬季夜间晴空和阴天时路、桥面辐射能量收支变化情况,分析了夜间路面和桥面温度变化差异的原因,并对桥面比路面更易结冰的现象给出了理论解释。 相似文献
6.
《青海气象》2016,(4)
利用2013年6月—2014年11月青海15个台站草面温度观测资料,建立了各站草面温度审核规则库,在进行质量控制时,还应结合不同的方法进行判断。差值分析结果表明,在各定时草面温度和地面温度温度的差值中,大部分台站为草面温度小于地面温度,最大差值出现在14—15时,夜间差值较小,且基本表现为草面温度小于地面温度;晴天平均差值最大,阴天最小;春、夏季日最高地面温度大于日最高草面温度,秋、冬季日最高草面温度大于日最高地面温度;秋、冬季日最低地面温度大于日最低草面温度;月平均差值较大的站点分别在青南和柴达木盆地,最大差值出现在达日,为-10.8℃;在阴天、多云天和晴天3种典型天气条件下,地面温度和草面温度差值日变化趋势基本一致。 相似文献
7.
南宁各种下垫面温度特征及预报方法探讨 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
介绍下垫面温度观测的原理,并用南宁2002年12月至2003年11月资料,分析了沥青、水泥、泥土温度的特征,包括这3种下垫面的日平均温度、日最高温度、日最低温度、温度日较差特征以及它们与气温的差值。指出气温是影响各种下垫面温度的最主要因素,云对下垫面日最高温度影响显著,大气环流变换对各种下垫面温度的波动有明显影响。对各种下垫面日最高温度的预报方法进行了初步探讨。建立了基于日最高气温预报之上的各种下垫面日最高温度预报模型,并对预报与实况值进行了对比分析,指出提高次日最高气温的预报准确率和预报是否出现阴天有中到大雨天气的预报准确率,可显著改善各种下垫面日最高温度的预报效果。 相似文献
8.
上海地区地面太阳紫外辐射的观测和分析 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
通过对上海地区2001～2003年地面太阳总辐射和紫外辐射观测资料的分析表明：（1）上海地区太阳辐射和紫外辐射年总量分别为4487．1MJ／m^2和149．6MJ/m^2。（2）紫外辐射的季节变化特征十分明显，夏半年（4-9月）各月极大紫外辐射强度远大于冬半年（10月～次年3月），7月份最强，12月份最弱。（3）不同天气条件下，紫外辐射日变化显示出明显的差异，晴天强且稳定，多云天气波动较大，阴天则次之。（4）紫外辐射占总辐射的比例（η）也显示冬半年低，夏半年高的分布特征。（5）影响上海地区到达地面紫外辐射的主要因子有：太阳高度角的大小大致决定了到达地面紫外辐射的强弱，两者具有相近的年变化趋势；云、雨等天气类型是影响紫外辐射的重要因子；大气能见度对紫外辐射也有比较明显的影响。 相似文献
9.
广州市雷暴日异常的基本气候特征及其与近海海温关系初探 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
以低纬高原城市昆明为研究对象，利用城市区域内4月、8月、12月的太阳辐射观测资料，对城市区域内不同下垫面性质和位置差异的辐射平衡特征和变化规律进行了研究。结果表明：昆明地区4月的太阳辐射各分量均较高，而多云天气的8月太阳辐射分量较小；屋顶的总辐射量和净辐射量均维持较高的数值，而受周围环境、建筑物遮蔽等影响的草地和球场则数值变化较大；随时间和下垫面的不同，反射辐射呈现较大差异；有效辐射则在多云天的8月呈现较小值(分配率趋于0)。所得结果可为探讨城市气候形成机制及城市气候的深入研究提供依据，并为其它地区的研究提供参考。 相似文献
10.
陇中黄土高原夏季地表能量平衡观测研究 总被引：32，自引：7，他引：25
利用2003年6～8月的实际观测资料,分析了陇中黄土高原夏季地表通量特征。在春小麦下垫面,无论晴天或阴天,能量主要消耗于农田蒸散。在裸地下垫面各能量通量表现出同样的变化特征,但由于降雨量的增加,导致潜热占净辐射的比例比春小麦地的还高。在晴天或阴天地气之间能量传输引起土壤温度变化的深度,主要出现50cm以上,其日变化均呈现准正弦曲线形式,50cm以下的土壤温度不存在日变化。在半干旱区云和降水对地表辐射和能量平衡造成的影响不容忽视。波文比在日出以后逐渐增大,到正午达最大值;春小麦下垫面时的波文比大于裸地时的值,两者的极值分别是1．01和0．75。 相似文献
11.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
12.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
13.
Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration. 相似文献
14.
The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o. 相似文献
15.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
16.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
17.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
18.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
19.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
20.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献