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1.
基于CLDAS大气驱动数据驱动CLM3.5陆面模式和3种不同参数化方案下的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟得到的地表温度,利用中国气象局2009-2013年2000多个国家级地面观测站地表温度进行质量评估。结果表明:从时间分布看,模拟地表温度与观测的偏差及均方根误差均呈季节性波动;从空间分布看,模拟地表温度与观测的偏差及均方根误差在中国东部地区相对于中国西部地区更小。选择Noah-MP陆面模式3种不同参数化方案模拟结果进行对比,结果表明:Noah-MP模式的非动态植被方案不变时,考虑植被覆盖度的二流近似辐射传输方案的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度优于考虑太阳高度角和植被三维结构的二流近似辐射传输方案Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度;选择动态植被方案的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度优于选择非动态植被方案的Noah-MP陆面模式;总体而言,考虑动态植被方案的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度优于其他两种参数化方案的Noah-MP陆面模式以及CLM3.5陆面模式模拟的地表温度。 相似文献
2.
贵州喀斯特山区的NDVI-Ts特征及其干旱监测应用研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)同时考虑了陆面温度和植被指数对遥感干旱监测的影响,综合了两者的长处,有效地减小了植被覆盖度的影响,提高了遥感干旱监测的准确性。陆面温度的反演以普朗克辐射函数为基础,运用地表比辐射率使之转换为灰体辐射。提取植被指数对应的最高陆面温度和最低陆面温度构成NDVI-Ts空间,进而得到TVDI。文章应用对地观测卫星(EOS)的MODIS遥感资料,分析并揭示了贵州复杂山区独特的NDVI-Ts空间的形态特征,并用于检验贵州2006年7月25日和2007年8月19日土壤表层干旱情况,同时与当地气象站土壤湿度观测数据进行定量验证,表明TVDI与土壤湿度显著相关。由于EOS/MODIS遥感资料的高时间分辨率、高光谱分辨率和适中的空间分辨率特性,使得该方法适宜于大区域复杂地形的干旱检测与预警。 相似文献
3.
利用NCAR陆面过程模式(Land Surface Model)和1998年"青藏高原能量与水分观测实验"加强观测期(GAME/Tibet IOP)的观测资料对青藏高原地区陆面过程进行了模拟研究.结果表明,在观测资料的强迫下模式能够较好地模拟出地表特征量的变化趋势,深层的土壤温度的模拟对初始场在0℃左右的变化敏感.模拟的感热通量、潜热通量以及地表反射的太阳辐射较观测值偏大.在高原地区地表类型分布状况的真实描述及植被、土壤参数的选取可能是提高该地区效果的首要问题;草地下垫面的陆面特征有待进一步研究;对土壤水热运动的真实描述,及冻土过程的加入对大气环流模式(GCM)跨季节的数值模拟会有所改进. 相似文献
4.
基于MODIS资料的宁夏LST反演方法新探索 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为快速、宏观、全面地获取陆面生态重要参数陆面温度(LST),避免分裂窗算法中诸多参数的估计和参数的适用范围限制,加快计算速度,更好地利用中国气象局"三站四网"的建设成果,利用宁夏2005-2007年13个时次过境晴空地表MODIS资料及对应过境时17个自动气象站观测数据,筛选、优化引入对LST影响较大的水汽通道、NDVI和EVI参数,建立基于MODIS遥感和地面自动气象站观测数据反演陆面温度(LST)的统计模式.研究结果表明:引入相关参数后,宁夏各季及全年模式的相关性和精度有较大提高,且水汽通道和EVI的参数组合最优.与分裂窗算法相比,省去了对大气透过率的估算以及对地表比辐射率估计的繁琐计算,与地面自动站观测真实值误差70.1%能够控制在4.0℃以内,计算速度快,能够满足一般业务的需求,易于推广使用. 相似文献
5.
NIM陆面过程模式的研究Ⅱ：青藏高原夏季陆面过程的数值模拟 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
采用南京气象学院（NIM）5层陆面过程模式，利用1979年5－8月“青藏高原气象科学实验”资料模拟和分析了夏季青藏高原不同地区的陆面特征和地表能量特征。并将模拟值与根据观测资料计算得到的感热和潜热以及观测得到的净辐射、土壤温度、土壤热通量进行了对比。结果表明，NIM5层陆面过程模式可以模拟青藏高原夏季不同下垫面情形下的能量交换过程。 相似文献
6.
太湖微气候条件及局地热环境的研究对于太湖周边城市地区可持续发展以及大气宏观调控具有重要意义。为了更准确模拟太湖湖-气交换,将CLM4-LISSS浅水湖泊陆面过程参数化方案耦合进入WRF中的Noah陆面过程模型。采用太湖湖上平台及岸边陆上测站观测的数据,评估了CLM4-LISSS浅水湖泊过程方案对太湖区域近地层气象条件的模拟性能。并基于耦合模型模拟研究了太湖对周边城市区域热环境的影响。结果表明,CLM4-LISSS湖泊陆面过程方案模拟的湖表面温度能反映真实温度的变化趋势。两种陆面过程方案在2 m气温的模拟值也存在一定的差异。CLM4-LISSS与Noah方案计算所得湖上2 m气温的模拟值与观测值的平均均方根误差分别为1.77和2.22℃,平均相关系数分别为0.88和0.84;模拟10 m风速的平均均方根误差分别为1.93和2.78 m/s,平均相关系数为0.72和0.68。太湖对周边城市热环境存在明显的影响。8月太湖对周边地区15时（北京时）近地层平均降温0.5-0.7℃,影响范围达60 km。06时太湖导致周边近地层平均升温达0.7-1℃,影响范围达50 km。湖风带来的冷空气抑制了城市热岛的垂直运动,在高温天气下使得苏州、无锡和常州城市地区昼间边界层下降高度可达300、400和100 m。无锡地区边界层内气温最高降幅可达0.5-0.7℃。通过选取无锡地区2015年8月28日高温小风天气作为背景条件,分析该地区湖风对城市热岛环流的影响机制。结果表明湖风能够破坏无锡地区的热岛环流结构,改变近地面热量和水汽的分布,抑制城市热岛的垂直发展,并影响至整个无锡地区。局地热力环流的变化对于局地气候以及污染物质的输送与扩散有可能产生重要影响,准确的湖泊陆面过程参数化方案对于天气预报、空气污染模拟,以及气候模拟研究等均具有重要意义。 相似文献
7.
利用黄土高原半干旱区＂定西陆面过程综合观测试验站＂2004年11月至2005年10月的各种陆面物理量综合资料,比较系统地研究了黄土高原半干旱区土壤温度、降水量、地表反照率、地表辐射分量和能量平衡分量的年变化和日变化特征及其影响机制。结果显示,黄土高原陆面过程特征与其他地区有很大不同。土壤温度变化向下传播速度约为2.5~3.5 h/10cm;地表反照率随土壤湿度的增大而减小,两者的相关系数达到了0.5338;而地表反照率随降雪量增大而增大,与降雪量的相关系数为0.6645;长波辐射年最大值出现的时间比总辐射迟1个月左右,年平均日变化中地表和大气对太阳辐射加热大约需要1个小时的响应时间;潜热通量夏季是冬季的5倍多,感热通量有了两个比较明显的峰值,潜热通量、感热通量和土壤热通量的日峰值比净辐射滞后30 min~1 h。 相似文献
8.
基于中国植被数据的陆面覆盖及其对陆面过程模拟的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
本文基于中国1:100万植被图、马里兰大学AVHRR森林覆盖资料和中国753个气象站点40年的降水气温资料, 发展了一套用于气候模拟的中国陆面覆盖资料(Chinese land cover derived from vegetation map, 简称CLCV)。该套资料与CLM(Community Land Model)原来所用的MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) 陆面覆盖资料相比有较大不同: 其中裸土比例减少了14.5%, 森林、灌木、草原和农作物比例分别增加了3.3%、4.8%、4.4%和0.3%, 冰川、湖泊和湿地比例分别增加了0.4%、0.8%和0.6%。将CLCV和MODIS资料分别与全国土地资源概查汇总结果分省统计资料和基于中国1 km土地利用图的土地利用资料比较表明, CLCV与两者较为接近。最后, 利用CLM模式分别采用CLCV与MODIS陆面覆盖资料在中国区域内进行数值模拟, 结果显示, 使用CLCV资料所模拟的蒸散增加了约7.7 mm/a; 地表反照率、 感热和径流分别减小了约0.7%、 0.3 W/m2和7.6 mm/a; 与MODIS卫星反演地表反照率和GRDC (Global Runoff Data Centre) 径流资料比较表明, 利用CLCV资料所模拟的地表反照率有一定改进, 并能基本模拟出径流分布趋势。 相似文献
9.
利用1979—2015年ERA-Interim再分析土壤湿度、云量资料,NCEP/NCAR再分析环流资料和CPC土壤湿度资料,分析了东亚中纬度夏季陆面热力异常的时空分布特征及其与前期春季土壤湿度异常的联系,探讨了前期春季土壤湿度影响东亚中纬度夏季陆面增暖的可能途径。结果表明,东亚中纬度夏季土壤表层温度呈全区一致增暖趋势,其中贝加尔湖及以南地区温度变化最剧烈、增暖最迅速,且1990年代中期前后存在一个明显由冷向暖的年代际转变。进一步分析发现,春、夏季西西伯利亚到贝加尔湖北部地区的土壤湿度与夏季贝加尔湖及以南地区的土壤表层温度在年代际和年际尺度上均存在紧密联系:西西伯利亚到贝加尔湖北部地区土壤湿度异常偏高,通常对应贝加尔湖及南部地区夏季土壤表层温度偏高。西西伯利亚到贝加尔湖北部地区春、夏土壤湿度异常可以引起夏季大气环流异常,从而对东亚夏季中纬度陆面热力异常产生影响:春、夏土壤湿度偏高时,贝加尔湖及其南部地区上空位势高度为正异常,对应为反气旋性异常环流,云量减少,有利于东亚中纬度陆面增暖;反之,则对应为气旋性异常环流,不利于陆面增暖。 相似文献
10.
土壤温度是陆气相互作用以及陆面模式模拟的关键参量,但高分辨率时空连续的土壤温度获取困难,尤其是我国青藏高原地区,融合遥感资料的陆面模式模拟可以获得高时空分辨率的资料。研究制作了新的地表植被功能型融合数据(MVEG),然后利用最新的高时空分辨率的中国气象局陆面数据同化系统HRCLDAS-V1. 0(1 km,1 h)驱动CLM模式对青藏高原2015年10 cm的土壤温度开展了模拟研究。结果表明,HRCLDAS-V1. 0的大气强迫数据(1 km,1 h)显著降低了模式模拟的误差,MVEG可以改善对极值的模拟,并使土壤温度空间分布较为合理。CLDAS/CLM(6 km,1 h)模拟值整体比观测值偏高1℃左右,HRCLDAS/CLM(1 km,1 h)有所改进,模拟的土壤温度年平均偏差绝对值和均方根误差分别降低0. 82和0. 18℃。HR-MVEG/CLM(1 km,1 h,同时改进了植被功能型)的模拟值最接近观测值,年平均均方根误差减小0. 27℃,且可以体现出土壤温度空间分布的细节特征。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
13.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
14.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
15.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
16.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
17.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
18.
基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。 相似文献
19.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
20.
Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed. 相似文献