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山东省高密市地处胶莱盆地,南部为丘陵区,中部为缓坡区,北部为高氟地下水分布的平原区,属于盆地浅层地下水型饮水高氟地区,是全国氟中毒较为严重的地区之一。该区地势平坦,属暖温带大陆季风气候区,蒸发强度较高。晚更新世以来,该区较为平稳,地表水、地下水径流滞缓,地下水以降水补给、蒸发排泄为主,目前兼有少量的人工开采。高氟地下水赋存于白垩纪火山碎屑岩风化残积形成的第四系松散堆积物中,含水层以砂质亚粘土为主,在埋深0.5~1.0 m处普遍发育钙质结核,俗称姜石。靠近北部河流,第四系底部多发育一层厚度渐大的含砾砂层。随着砂层的出现、增厚,地下水中的含氟量逐渐降低。据此总结了高密市高氟地下水的成因模式,为溶滤富集型与蒸发浓缩碱化型的复合模式。通过室内淋溶试验,结合当地的实际,提出“原位驱氟”的设想。 相似文献
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赵玉军 《水文地质工程地质技术方法动态》2009,(1)
本文评价了印度集中产粮区农业活动引起的饮用地下水中NO3—N和氟化物（F）的潜在污染。从不同深度、不同类型水井中共采集了342个地下水样品,分析了地下水样品中NO3—N和氟化物的含量以及pH值和导电率（EC）。也收集了研究区内有关主要种植模式、肥料和杀虫剂使用情况等数据。地下水样品中NO3—N的含量较低,浓度范围为0．01-5．97mg／L,仅6．7％的样品中NO3-N的含量大于3．0mg／L。居民区地下水样品中的NO3-N含量高于农田区。但所有样品中NO3州的浓度均低于世界卫生组织规定的饮用水中NO3—N的容许浓度。地下水样品中NO3—N的含量随水井深度的增大而减小（r=-0．297,P≤0．01）,而随含氮肥料施肥率的增加而增大（r=0,931,P〈0．01）。种植浅根性作物地区地下水中NO3—N的浓度高于种植深根性作物的地区。地下水样品中氟化物的浓度也普遍较低（0．02-1．19mg／L）,仅2．4％的样品中氟化物浓度大于1．0mg／L,这对局部地区居民造成了潜在的氟中毒威胁。总的来说,研究区内地下水中氟化物浓度的空间变化和随含水层深度的变化不大,这表明,研究区的地层岩性是均质的。地下水样品中氟化物的浓度与农业磷酸盐肥料（普通过磷酸钙）的施肥量呈明显的正相关关系（r=0．237,P〈0．01）。研究结果表明,目前研究区内居民饮用的地下水是安全的,但集中产粮区有关的一些人为活动的确对地下水中NO3—N和氟化物的浓度产生了影响。 相似文献
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大荔县为地方性氟中毒病高发区,主要因长期饮用氟含量高的地下水所致。通过分析大荔县269件地下水样品中氟含量,查明地下水氟含量为0．01～11．8mg／L,均值为1．91mg／L,氟含量高于1．0mg／L的水样样本达70．6％。调查分析发现,大荔县地下水氟含量在空间分布上具有北高南低的特征,富集最严重的区域出现在渭河二、三级阶地的东端,高氟地下水区域占到全区总面积的63％。大荔县丰富的氟源、特定的地形地貌、干燥的气候环境以及缓慢的地下水力更替过程是造成地下水中氟富集的主要因素。 相似文献
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本文对印度拉贾斯坦邦北部以地下水为主要饮用水源的一些乡村进行了地下水氟化物污染评价。分析了利用手压泵从深含水层采集的水样的氟化物含量。目前,研究区内记录在案的氟化物的浓度范围为1．01m4．78mg／L。研究区地下水中氟化物的平均浓度为2．82mg／L。根据世界卫生组织（WHO）或者印度标准办公署制定的饮用水中氟化物的期望浓度（desirable limit）和最大容许浓度,研究区内约95％的地下水不适于饮用。在研究区,由于饮用水中氟化物的浓度很高,目前氟斑牙和氟骨征患者正以惊人的速率增长。在印度最北部的哈努芒加尔县的中部和东部地区,由于地下水中氟化物的浓度相对较高（3-4mg／L）,因此,可把这些地区列为氟中毒高风险地区。对本项研究所得数据进行评价后得出结论,在研究区采取改良措施来预防居民氟中毒刻不容缓。 相似文献
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探讨输油管道建设对鄂尔多斯盆地地下水环境的影响,根据研究区地质及水文地质特征,结合石油管道事故所设定条件,按照风险最大化原则,采用“瞬时注入示踪剂——平面瞬时点源”模型进行预测分析,结果表明：污染物在地下水中运移的1460d内,最大迁移距离呈先增大后减小的趋势,最大距离为116．05m;中心点浓度则从433．13mg／L减少至〈0．3mg／L,低于《生活饮用水卫生标准（GB5749—2006）》中石油类限值（0．3mg／L）;泄漏中心点逐渐运移至下游49．64m处,对地下水敏感点不会产生明显影响。 相似文献
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以山东省东部地区农业生态地球化学调查中浅层地下水数据为基础,对分析测试的29项指标的地球化学特征进行了研究。调查区浅层地下水中,Mo、Pb、Mn、Fe、Cl-、NO2-、总硬度等含量变化较大,导致局部水质变差;其他指标含量变化较小,在浅层地下水中分布均匀。参照我国地下水质量标准和生活饮用水质量标准,对本区浅层地下水进行了单因子与综合环境质量评价,该区不可直接饮用的浅层地下水占44.88%,综合环境质量较差;地下水污染多发生在主要城市、工矿企业及其周边地区;单指标水污染呈点(源)状、线状分布,主要超标指标为总硬度、溶解性总固体、高锰酸钾指数、NO2-、Cl-、F-、Mn、Fe。重点探讨了高密北部高氟浅层地下水形成的原因,为区内高氟水治理及地氟病防治提供了依据。 相似文献
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在实地调查和采样分析的基础上,运用地质统计学方法,研究了丰沛地区浅层地下水氟含量的空间变异和分布特征。结果表明:丰沛地区62.75%的水样氟含量超过了国家饮用水标准,最大7.11mg/L,平均含量为1.51mg/L。其中39.22%的水样氟含量在1～2mg/L,3.92%的水样氟含量超过4mg/L。丰沛地区浅层地下水氟含量在一定范围内存在空间自相关性,具有明显的各向异性特征。在空间分布上,氟含量总体呈现西北、东南高和东北低的特征,氟含量大于1.00mg/L的面积约占整个研究区域的87.21%,大于2.20mg/L的面积约占12.12%。丰沛地区浅层地下水氟含量超过1.00mg/L的最大概率0.953,其中概率达到0.85以上的为高风险区域,面积297.18km2,占整个研究区的10.81%,主要分布在丰沛地区的西北部和东南部。 相似文献
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高氟地下水混凝沉淀降氟试验研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文开展了山西运城地区高氟地下水的降氟试验，对聚铁、硫酸铝和明矾等不同混凝剂降氟效果进行对比，探讨了地下水硬度对混凝沉淀除氟效果的影响。实验结果表明：明矾混凝沉降效果优于其它混凝剂，0．3g／L的明矾溶液可使含氟浓度4．0mg／L的地下水降低到浓度1．0mg／L以下；地下水的硬度对明矾混凝降氟效果没有明显影响。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
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《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(2):137-159
Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population). 相似文献
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Marta L. PATINO-DOUCE Alberto PATINO-DOUCE Mazhar QAYYUM Roger L. NIELSEN 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1994,18(2):195-198
We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses. 相似文献