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1.
扬子准地台康滇地轴区广泛出露一套前震旦纪的变质岩系,云南境内称昆阳群,四川境内为会理群。长期以来,对昆阳群的层序及其出露区的构造存在着众多分歧,久悬未决。 (一)用浊流沉积的原理认识昆阳群昆阳群研究一直拘守于传统沉积学模式,致使其成因理论背离地层实际。实践需要理论指导。 1.复理式建造的挑战传统沉积之机械分异模式在一般情况下是能反映客观的。然而,拿它去理解昆阳群,却经受着挑战。是什么沉积作用能在几至十几厘米厚度范围内使碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩、泥质岩出现周期性 相似文献
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近年来,对碳酸盐岩沉积环境的分析已广泛展开,尤其在古生代及其以后的碳酸盐岩中相继建立了不少标准型沉积环境(相)模式,但对前寒武纪碳酸盐岩沉积环境(相)的研究则较少。为满足1∶5万玉溪、郭井、峨山、石屏幅区域地质调查对昆阳群大龙口组研究的需要,笔者观察了有关地层剖面的岩石标本和薄片,结合野外工作者提供的资料和前人成果,根据稳定产出的碳酸盐藻叠层石和原始红藻砂屑共生组合的现象,把大龙口组碳酸盐沉积物的沉积环境划分为:台地相区潮下低能带,台地边缘相区潮下高能带,内陆棚相区潮下低能带。 相似文献
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滇东昆阳群地层序列的厘定及其在中国地层表的位置 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文通过滇东地区中元古代昆阳群年代地层学研究,提供了新元古代青白口系柳坝塘组的几组高精度锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄,通过新元古代地层柳坝塘组与下伏地层(美党组、大龙口组和富良棚组)连续沉积关系以及昆阳群各组的同位素年代学数据,将滇东地区建立新的"系"一级地层单位,即"玉溪系",填补其在中国地层表中待建系的位置。笔者通过进一步的野外地层追踪和对"原昆阳群"的锆石年龄数据的比对研究,明确了"原昆阳群"争议已久的"倒八序列"为华南古陆西南缘中—新元古代地层的正确沉积序列,并以此在滇东地区建立了完整中—新元古代地层及年代地层层序,结合华北古陆上已建立的西山系(1.4~1.2 Ga),本文将昆阳群分属于西山系(1.2~1.4 Ga)和玉溪系(1.0~1.2 Ga),重新厘定昆阳群时代的归属,以期填补中国地层表中的"待建系"。 相似文献
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康滇地轴不同成因铁矿床矿石特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
康滇地轴是我国重要的铁矿带之一,从下元古代哀牢山群至中-上元古代大红山群(河口群)、苴林群、昆阳群(会理群、登相营群),具多层位含矿及成矿的继承性。其中以大红山群红山组(相当于河口群四段)、昆阳群黑山头组、大龙口组、因民组、大营盘组(相当于会理群双水井组)最为重要。岩控表现在大红山群(河口群)钠质火山岩及晚加里东-海西期古裂谷层状基性-超基性暗色杂岩体最为明显。康滇地轴的主要铁矿床成因类型,笔者认为可分岩浆型、火山岩型、次火山岩型、火山 相似文献
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云南前寒武纪基底形成与变质时代及其成矿作用年代学研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
新的同位素年代学、岩石学与地球化学研究表明云南前寒武纪各岩群普遍由跨越古、中和新元古代不同时代的构造片岩组成。哀牢山群和瑶山群是相连接的同一地层单元 ,主体岩石形成于 130 0～ 16 0 0Ma。昆阳群下亚群泥质碳酸盐沉积岩Pb Pb等时年龄在 170 0～ 16 0 0Ma之间 ,上亚群大营盘组为 12 6 0Ma。苍山群的变拉斑系列形成于岛弧环境 ,其钕模式年龄值在 15 0 0～ 2 0 0 0Ma ,Sm Nd等时年龄近于为 16 5 0Ma ,εNd(t) =+ 7.4。形成于板内环境的碱性系列玄武岩 ,钕模式年龄值在 10 0 0～ 110 0Ma。苴林群变拉斑玄武岩钕模式年龄为 16 0 0～ 170 0Ma ,εNd(t) =+ 6 .6 ;变碱性玄武岩样品为 80 0～ 10 0 0Ma ,可与苍山群相比较。钕模式年龄和Pb同位素填图表明昆阳群与大红山群 ,苴林群与苍山群分别归属于扬子和印支块体的准同时地层。成矿年龄测定表明前寒武纪地层中成矿作用表现为 70 0～ 90 0Ma的改造成矿 ,与大规模从基性到酸性的岩浆活动密切相联系。90 0～ 10 0 0Ma板内环境碱性玄武岩的广泛出现 ,标致着大陆裂解的开始。晋宁期花岗岩活动从早期 (80 0～ 830Ma)的偏中酸性到晚期 (6 80～ 780Ma)的酸性 ,表明构造环境从拉张向挤压环境发展 ,体现了Rodinia超大陆形成、裂解到冈瓦纳大陆形成的过程 相似文献
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扬子克拉通北缘中元古界神农架群沉积特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
神农架群(约1400—1000 Ma)发育于扬子克拉通北缘鄂西北地区,自下而上发育有下亚群(大岩坪组、马槽园组、乱石沟组、大窝坑组和矿石山组)、中亚群(台子组、野马河组、温水河组和石槽河组)及上亚群(送子园组和瓦岗溪组)。每亚群均由相对较深水相碎屑岩和浅水碳酸盐岩组成。一系列岩石组合特征、宏微观沉积组构和沉积构造等表明,神农架群发育环潮坪相藻碳酸盐岩、浅海相碎屑岩、台缘浅滩颗粒碳酸盐岩和台缘斜坡砾屑碳酸盐岩等4类沉积组合,形成于远端变陡型缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地背景。环潮坪沉积分布最广,遍布于所有碳酸盐岩地层,不同类型叠层石发育,构成向上变浅沉积序列;进积作用强烈,干裂构造、蒸发岩等常见;沉积相带由浅潮下、潮坪及潮上带组成。浅海碎屑岩沉积组合主要见于台子组及大岩坪组,由砂岩、粉砂岩与泥岩组成,石英砂岩分选和磨圆较好,自生海绿石常见,平行层理、水平—波状层理发育,泥岩中自生黄铁矿发育,总体经历了滨岸浅滩—浅海陆棚—碎屑潮坪—局限台地等的高频变化。台缘浅滩颗粒碳酸盐岩以鲕粒白云岩、砾屑白云岩(及内碎屑白云岩)和斜歪锥、柱状叠层石为特征,主要见于乱石沟组、野马河组;大窝坑组及石槽河组以鲕粒和砂—砾屑白云岩及藻碎屑(团块或凝块石)为特征;大中型板状交错层理、递变—平行层理和冲刷—侵蚀构造普遍,表明浅潮下带强水动力条件环境。台缘斜坡砾屑碳酸盐岩发育在大岩坪组中上部及马槽园组,由滑塌堆积的透镜状、巨厚层状巨—粗—细砾岩和砂岩组成,砾岩成分以白云岩等为主,可见大型交错层理、波痕和侵蚀—冲刷等沉积构造。对神农架群沉积序列、沉积特征及沉积演化过程的研究,为扬子克拉通中元古代晚期的盆地演化与重建、沉积充填过程及地层—沉积对比研究提供了基础资料及依据。 相似文献
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扬子地块西、北缘中元古代地层的划分与对比 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
广泛分布于扬子地块西缘和北缘的中元古代地层经历了强烈的变形和绿片岩相的变质改造。根据形成时代,该区的中元古代可以识别出两个阶段,中元古代早期(1.8~1.4Ga)和中元古代晚期(1.4~1.0Ga)。中元古代早期的地层包括大红山群、东川群、河口群和通安组(1~4段),中元古代晚期的地层主要由分布在扬子地块西南缘的昆阳群、会理群和分布于扬子地块北缘的神农架群和打鼓石群组成。新的锆石原位定年结果表明,通安组的凝灰岩形成于1744±14Ma左右,河口群角斑岩形成于1659±23Ma左右,侵入会理群天宝山组的辉长辉绿岩形成于1026±7Ma左右。根据岩石组合、形成环境以及年代学资料,中元古代早期的大红山群、东川群、河口群和通安组(1~4段)形成时代相近,地层组成基本相同,它们都含有与岩浆热液有关的铁氧化物铜金(IOCG)矿床或层状铜矿床(SSC),都在1.75~1.45Ga期间形成于大陆裂解环境。扬子地块北缘的火地垭群也可能属于中元古代早期地层。中元古代晚期地层在扬子地块西缘北缘均有分布,其中的昆阳群和会理群大体形成于1.2~1.0Ga,神农架群和打鼓石群形成于1.4~1.0Ga,它们的顶界可能延伸到新元古代早期。在中元古代晚期的地层中含有大量叠层石,表明它们形成于温暖潮湿的浅海环境。除上述的中元古代晚期地层之外,云南元谋地区的苴林群、川西的登相营群、通安组五段等也属于中元古代晚期的地层。 相似文献
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新的同位素年代学、岩石学与地球化学研究表明云南前寒武纪各岩群普遍由跨越古、中和新元古代不同时代的构造片岩组成。衰牢山群和瑶山是相连接的同一地层单元，主体岩石形成于1300－1600Ma，昆阳群下亚群泥质碳酸盐沉积岩Pb-Pb等时年龄在1700－1600Ma之间，上亚群大营盘组为1260Ma。苍山群的变拉斑系列形成于岛弧环境，其钕模式年龄值在1500－2000Ma，Sm-Nd等时年龄近于为1650Ma，εNd(t)= 7.4，形成于板内环境的碱性系列玄武岩，钕模式年龄值在1000－1100Ma。苴林群变拉斑玄武岩钕模式年龄为1600－1700Ma，εNd(t)= 6.6；变碱性玄武岩样品为800－1000Ma，可与苍山群相比较，钕模式年龄和Pb同位素填图表明昆阳群与大红山群，苴林群与苍山群分别归属于扬子和印支块体的准同时地层。成矿年龄测定表明前寒武纪地层中成矿作用表现为700－900Ma的改造成矿。 规模从基性到酸性的岩浆活动密切相联系。900－1000Ma板内环境碱性玄武岩的广泛出现。标致着大陆裂解的开始。晋宁期花岗岩活动从早期（800－830Ma）的偏中酸性到晚期（680－780Ma）的酸性，表明构造环境从拉张向挤压环境发展，体现了Rodinia 超大陆形成、裂解到冈瓦纳大陆形成的过程。 相似文献
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峡东地区下寒武统天河板组鲕粒灰岩微相分析及沉积环境探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对峡东地区下寒武统天河板组底部鲕粒灰岩进行微相分析,划分出放射鲕型鲕粒灰岩(SMF15-R)、同心鲕型鲕粒灰岩(SMF15-C)以及微晶鲕型鲕粒灰岩(SMF15-M)三种不同类型的鲕粒灰岩亚相。通过与标准微相类型中镶边碳酸盐岩台地模式和缓坡模式相带对比,认为研究区鲕粒形成于镶边碳酸盐岩台地内部局限环境至台地边缘鲕滩相的沉积环境。对鲕粒粒径大小和类型的分析,支持后期海侵事件的存在。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
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《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(2):137-159
Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population). 相似文献
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Marta L. PATINO-DOUCE Alberto PATINO-DOUCE Mazhar QAYYUM Roger L. NIELSEN 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1994,18(2):195-198
We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses. 相似文献