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2016年7月31日至8月1日新疆伊犁河谷发生了一次极端强降水事件,多站突破降水极值。利用NCEP/NCAR 0.25°×0.25°再分析资料、中国地面卫星雷达三源融合逐小时降水产品及国家基本地面观测站逐时降水资料,通过天气研究和预报（WRF）数值模拟和诊断分析强降水期间大气的不稳定性及其触发机制,证实了不同尺度系统相互作用以及复杂地形的影响是干旱、半干旱地区极端暴雨形成的重要因子,并得出以下结论:（1）降水前河谷低层高对流有效位能积累,低层锋面东移触发对流有效位能释放,造成河谷第一阶段短时强降水天气;前期对流性降水释放湿对流不稳定能量,低层大气对称不稳定性逐渐增强,在对称不稳定作用下维持和加强了伊犁河谷第二阶段强降水天气。（2）第一强降水阶段期间大气低层为对流不稳定性层结,降水初期和第二阶段强降水期间大气均为条件对称不稳定性层结,对称不稳定的产生主要来自于湿位涡斜压分量（Mpv2）,其中降水初期低层Mpv2变化由大气的湿斜压性和低层水平风的垂直切变所造成,第二阶段强降水低层Mpv2变化主要由大气湿斜压性造成。（3）第一阶段强降水期间,低层锋面和地形抬升,垂直运动迅速发展,造成河谷南、北部山前降水;河谷东侧中尺度气旋在地形阻挡下稳定少动,是东部地区短时强降水天气发生的直接启动机制。第二阶段强降水期间,中、低层锋区叠加爬坡,冷锋锋生,中、低层风场辐合区叠加,河谷东北部形成垂直环流圈,上升运动进一步发展,是造成河谷第二阶段暴雨的重要原因。 相似文献
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利用多源气象数据资料，对2018年台风“温比亚”引发山东历史极端暴雨的环境场进行了研究。结果表明：（1）台风“温比亚”影响山东引起的前期强降水位于鲁南地区，主要为台风外围螺旋云系降水，19日白天至夜间是此次强降水主要时段，主要受台风和西风槽相互作用引起的，强降水落区主要集中于台风倒槽附近。（2）副高稳定少动、中低纬系统相互作用及低空急流的稳定维持是此次台风强降水的主要原因。（3）超低空急流相比低空急流对出现强降水更有明显的指示意义，其强度大小影响降水的强弱程度，且超低空（500 m以下）出现20 m?s-1以上的强风速对短时强降水有明显指示作用。低空急流指数对强降水出现特别是中小尺度强降水及雨强大小有一定预示作用。（4）特殊地形在此次台风暴雨中起了较大作用，地形的迎风坡效应在山地产生的强迫抬升作用及山脉阻挡引起的水汽在山前积聚等动力和热力共同作用触发湿对流是此次台风出现短时强降水的重要触发机制。（5）此次台风暴雨过程Q矢量散度负值的强弱对于未来6 h雨强大小有较好的指示意义。另外，此次台风特大暴雨与冷空气密切相关。 相似文献
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为提高对中小河流强降水引发山洪的预报预警能力,尽可能减少山洪灾害造成的人民生命财产损失,基于伊春市近10 a(2011-2020年)中小河流山洪灾害和对应的暴雨、短时强降水资料,分析了暴雨和短时强降水发生时的天气形势,统计了易发山洪的降水面雨量阈值。结果表明:伊春市暴雨和短时强降水发生时的天气形势主要为副高北抬阻挡低涡东移型、高空槽配合地面低压型和低涡配合地面低压型。通过雨量统计,得出6-8月易发山洪的降水面雨量阈值,6月份,同一区域48 h累计雨量达到85 mm,降水期间部分时段有短时强降水,小时雨强达到20 mm/h,并连续出现2-3 h;7月份,同一区域48 h累计雨量达到90 mm,或局地小时雨强超过30 mm/h;8月份,同一区域48 h累计雨量达到110 mm,或局地小时雨强达到30 mm/h。基于研究结果,建立了伊春市山洪预警流程。 相似文献
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利用2011-2020年石阡国家气象站和乡镇（街道）自动气象站降雨资料,运用统计分析方法对石阡县近10a年暴雨天气特征进行分析,并结合暴雨灾情信息研究了“三个叫应”阈值。结果表明：石阡县年均暴雨日数11.4d,年均暴雨站次51.5站,主要集中在5-9月,月暴雨日数峰值出现在5月,月暴雨站次峰值出现在6月,05-07时易出现短时强降水;暴雨及伴随短时强降水日数均存在时空分布不均的特点,东部明显大于西部,最大日降水量和雨强大体一致,主要在县城、枫香、花桥一带和白沙;辖区内台站1h雨量达35mm、3h雨量达70mm或6h雨量达90mm及以上,且降雨可能持续时,可能发生灾害,应及时做好气象服务工作。 相似文献
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利用常规观测、风云卫星、多普勒天气雷达、CMORPH卫星降水量融合资料和NCEP/NCAR(0.25°×0.25°)再分析资料,对2016年6月16—17日新疆西部一次罕见暴雨过程进行中尺度分析。结果表明:(1)该暴雨过程具有累计雨量大、暴雨强度强、局地日雨量破极值、短时强降水范围广等特点。暴雨区位于200 hPa高空西南急流出口区左侧、500 hPa偏南气流及700 h Pa切变线附近。较强的CAPE和K指数对该暴雨有很好的指示意义。(2)该暴雨过程发生在低层辐合、高层辐散、低层较湿的有利背景下。强正涡度、强辐合和强上升运动不断将水汽和能量向上输送,为暴雨的产生提供有利的环境条件。(3)中亚地区中尺度雨团在发展演变过程中,逐渐形成西南-东北向带状多中心雨带,中心依次到达伊犁北部沿山地区,和原有的中尺度雨团共同作用,造成暴雨天气过程。中尺度对流云团不断产生于中亚地区,在东移过程中不断发展加强依次到达暴雨区,致使暴雨区不断产生短时强降水。(4)暴雨过程两个时段的中尺度对流系统存在明显差异,第一时段主要为孤立中尺度对流系统,造成伊宁博尔博松站成为暴雨中心并出现最强短时强降水的直接系统是风场特征明显的中γ尺度对流单体并在暴雨区维持少动。第二时段为CR达50 dBz、DVIL达4 g·m~(-3),长度达70 km、宽度达10km且呈准南北态的线状中尺度对流系统,其在向东移动过程中造成多站依次出现短时强降水天气。 相似文献
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青藏高原东侧一次连续大暴雨过程湿Q矢量分析 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
利用常规探空和地面实测资料，对2005年7月18—19日出现在青藏高原东侧的一次区域性大暴雨天气过程进行了非地转湿Q矢量诊断分析。结果表明：（1）暴雨出现在湿Q矢量散度负值中心激发的非地转上升气流区附近，在强降水期散度负值中心达到最强，范围较窄，与暴雨区对应得较好。（2）700hPa湿Q矢量涡度正值中心与其散度负值中心重叠的区域是中尺度低值系统发展的有利区域，与暴雨区对应。（3）700hPa湿Q矢量锋生中心可以对应12小时后的暴雨区；当有不稳定能量大量释放后，有锋消作用，暴雨将逐渐减弱。 相似文献
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本文利用国家基本站和区域自动站逐小时雨量、FY-2G卫星TBB、ERA5再分析等资料,对2017年7月23日发生在四川盆地西部的一次暖区山地暴雨事件进行动力诊断分析和数值模拟试验。主要得到以下结果:（1）此次暖区山地突发性暴雨发生在西太平洋副热带高压边缘的弱天气形势背景下,盆地西部前期高温、高能的环境条件与伸入盆地的东南风受到龙门山脉的强迫抬升是这次暴雨触发的诱因。（2）山地—平原环流在夜间的转换使背景东南风形成深厚的倾斜上升运动,是暴雨增强和中尺度对流云团重组发展的原因。（3）进一步通过数值模拟得出,山地—平原环流受近地面热力扰动驱动。在白天,盆地西部山坡为正虚温扰动区,而同一高度的平原则是负虚温扰动,山地—平原环流从平原吹向山地;到了夜晚,虚温扰动在山地、平原两侧的分布发生反转,山地—平原环流因此转为从山地吹向平原;当去除模式地面热源时,近地面的热力扰动几乎消失,盆地西部山地—平原环流无法形成,与山地—平原环流对应的辐合区随之消失,导致模拟的过程累积降水量显著减少、强降水中心消失。 相似文献
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受季风槽影响,2018年8月30—31日华南地区出现一次极端暴雨过程,单日站点累计降水量达1?056.7 mm,刷新了广东有历史纪录以来新的极值。对于此次极端降水事件,常用的业务模式包括欧洲中期天气预报中心全球模式（ECMWF）、日本气象厅谱模式（JMA）和中国气象局广东快速更新同化数值预报系统（CMA-GD）,都低估了降水强度。利用深圳市气象局业务对流尺度集合预报系统分析了此次特大暴雨过程,结果表明：对流尺度集合预报系统对本次特大暴雨过程具有比较好的预报能力,概率匹配平均最大雨量达348.7 mm·(24 h)-1,集合平均的强降水中心和观测基本一致,观测极值附近区域发生大暴雨（≥150 mm）概率最大值达到80%。选取了较“好”和较“差”集合成员预报进行对比分析,发现较“好”成员预报的强降水中心位置和观测基本一致,而较“差”成员预报的降水中心位置则偏向福建地区。较 “好”成员预报出莲花山南侧地面中尺度辐合线较长时间的维持和缓慢移动,导致强降水雨团在莲花山脉附近不断地触发和维持,同时地形的阻挡作用使得对流系统在地形附近区域持续维持,造成了罕见的特大暴雨;而较“差”成员辐合区位于莲花山以北,对流形成后向东、向北移动,最终导致强降水预报位置偏向福建地区。 相似文献
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利用江苏近10 a（2005-2014年）暖季（5-9月）69站逐时降水资料,详细分析了短时强降水的空间分布、年际变化、季节内演变以及日变化特征。分析结果表明：短时强降水空间分布不均,整体上北部比南部活跃,最活跃区均位于沿淮西部,高强度短时强降水多发生在淮北东部,且空间分布集中。近10 a来江苏短时强降水整体呈减少趋势,主要表现为北部地区减少最为显著。短时强降水季节内分布不均匀,以7月最为活跃,高强度短时强降水在8月最为频繁;其逐候分布显示,梅期短时强降水骤增,于7月第2候达到峰值,盛夏期间高强度短时强降水增多,8月第3候达到峰值。江苏短时强降水的日变化整体呈双峰结构,主峰和次峰分别出现在傍晚17时（北京时间,下同）和清晨07时,高强度短时强降水多发于午后;短时强降水日变化存在季节内演变的阶段性特征和地域性差异,其中梅期和盛夏两个高发阶段均呈单峰结构,但梅期峰值出现在清晨,盛夏阶段峰值则出现在傍晚;由南向北,日变化特征由单峰向双峰、多峰演变,在淮河以南地区日峰值大多出现在午后至傍晚,而淮河以北地区多出现在夜间至清晨。 相似文献
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Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration. 相似文献
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The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o. 相似文献
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Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
17.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
18.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
19.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
20.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献