共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
David J. Stirling 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):851-857
In 1994 a major biotoxin event occurred along the east coast of the South Island, New Zealand. Gymnodimine, a unique bioactive spiroimine, was isolated and characterised from Foveaux Strait dredge oysters (Tiostrea chilensis = Ostrea chilensis) collected during this outbreak. This study reports the results of liquid chromatographic‐mass spectrometric analysis for gymnodimine in 217 samples from eight species of shellfish over the years 1993–99. Of these samples 155, covering six species of shellfish, contained detectable gymnodimine with a range in concentration from 14.8 to 23 400 μg/kg. Gymnodimine‐containing shellfish occurred at 37 of the 63 sites sampled from around New Zealand. This study demonstrates that accumulation of gymnodimine is not limited to T. chilensis and can occur in other shellfish species over much of New Zealand. Gymnodimine is a possible cause of the numerous historical biotoxin screen‐positive results. 相似文献
2.
We provide an overview of bivalve molluscan shellfish (BMS) availability to New Zealanders. Data on commercial production (aquaculture) and harvesting, non-commercial (recreational and customary) harvesting and international trading (imports, exports) of BMS were assembled. These data were transformed to estimate the total weight (greenweight and meatweight) of each BMS species, and all BMS species, available to New Zealand domestic consumers in 2011. An estimated 68,000 tonnes greenweight, or 13,000 tonnes meatweight, of BMS were available. Mussels (mostly commercially-produced Perna canaliculus) accounted for 96% of the total available BMS by meatweight. Non-commercially harvested BMS were 1% of the total available BMS. BMS availability was estimated as 8 g/person/day for the total New Zealand population and 407 g/person/day for shellfish consumers. These estimates were comparable to published national consumption data. The results can be used as inputs to exposure assessment. Food availability is a useful estimate where consumption data are limited. 相似文献
3.
《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2012,46(1):86-101
ABSTRACTPlanktonic dinoflagellate records for New Zealand are substantial due to intense monitoring programmes that have taken place on behalf of New Zealand’s biotoxin regulators and the shellfish industry since 1993. At that time a Karenia bloom caused human illnesses and shellfish harvesting ceased until monitoring was instigated. Phytoplankton records are based on morphological identification using light microscopy but are backed up by government funded research programmes which implement techniques such as electron microscopy, DNA sequencing, molecular detection assays and high throughput sequencing of environmental DNA. This checklist will support management of aquaculture industries, recreational shellfish harvests and environmental health initiatives. Some genera are considered benthic or epiphytic, but have lengthy planktonic life stages. Forty-five genera in the class Dinophyceae Fritsch are reported: Akashiwo, Alexandrium, Amphidinium, Amylax, Azadinium, Biecheleria, Bysmatrum, Cachonina, Cochlodinium (synonym: Margalefidinium), Coolia, Dicroerisma, Dinophysis, Diploneis, Diplopsalis, Fragilidium, Glenodinium, Gonyaulax, Gymnodinium, Gyrodinium, Heterocapsa, Karenia, Karlodinium, Lepidodinium, Lingulodinium, Margalefidinium, Ostreopsis, Oxyphysis, Pelagodinium, Pentapharsodinium, Phalacroma, Podolampas, Polarella, Polykrikos, Prorocentrum, Protodinium, Protoodinium, Protoperidinium, Pseliodinium, Scrippsiella, Takayama, Togula, Torodinium, Tripos, Vulcanodinium, Wolosynska. Other genera belonging to the Infraphylum Dinoflagellata also occur in New Zealand waters. They are not in the list but include Noctiluca, Pronoctiluca and Spatulodinium (Class: Noctilucophyceae) and Oxyrrhis (Class: Oxyrrhidophyceae). 相似文献
4.
5.
海水养殖可能是实现我国碳中和目标的有效途径之一。贝、藻类养殖是海水养殖的主要组成部分,可以通过碳移除（从海水中收获）、碳固定（形成贝壳）等方式成为有效的碳汇。因此,中国作为海水养殖大国,具有较大的碳汇潜力。然而,目前关于贝、藻类养殖过程中碳汇的计算、评估、监测等还没有统一的标准,对于其碳汇边界的定义（如储藏年限、周转周期等）也不清晰。本文阐述了典型贝、藻类养殖碳汇的潜力,认为碳汇的计算不仅仅要考虑储存碳,还要考虑养殖过程中由于呼吸等过程排放的碳;提出了贝、藻类养殖碳汇测算过程中存在的问题,认为目前常用的称重法等无法准确反应养殖系统的碳汇潜力;建议在未来养殖碳汇测算中首先明确碳汇边界问题（如使用长、短周期碳汇的概念）。最后,本文讨论了贝、藻类养殖生态系统综合温室效应评估的必要性,建议在碳汇核算过程中同时考虑非二氧化碳温室气体（如甲烷、氧化亚氮）的作用。 相似文献
6.
Paralytic shellfish toxins(PSTs) are notorious neurotoxins that threaten public health and food safety worldwide.Although PST monitoring programs have recently been established throughout China, the profiles and variation of PSTs in important commercial clams(e.g., Mactra veneriformis, Ruditapes philippinarum, and Meretrix meretrix) along the Jiangsu Province coastline remain largely unexplored. In this study, a validated hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(HILIC-MS/MS) method was used to examine PST profiles and levels in 540 clam samples from natural production areas along Jiangsu Province coastline during2014–2016. Although the PST levels(≤6.38 μg saxitotoxin equivalents(eq)/kg) were consistently below European Union regulatory limits(≤800 μg saxitotoxin eq/kg) during this time period, saxitotoxin, decarbamoylsaxitotoxin,and gonyautoxins 1 and 4 were detected, and nearly 40% of the samples were saxitotoxin-positive. The PST levels also varied significantly by seasons, with peak values observed in May during 2014–2016. This is the first systematic report of PSTs in clams from Jiangsu Province, and additional research and protective measures are needed to ensure the safety of clams harvested in this area. 相似文献
7.
《Marine Policy》2017
As shellfish aquaculture activities grow in the US, researchers, practitioners, resource users, and others have questioned how much development can be accommodated by natural and social systems. In a unique application of the normative evaluation approach to shellfish aquaculture development, this study uses data from a mail survey to (1) examine Rhode Islanders’ support for aquaculture in general and in RI waters; (2) investigate how different features of an aquaculture farm influence normative evaluations; and (3) explore areas of agreement and disagreement among stakeholder groups for social carrying capacities associated with aquaculture in RI coastal waters. Findings demonstrate that respondents do not strictly support or oppose aquaculture development; instead support depends on the waterbody where the aquaculture is occurring, the amount of area used for aquaculture, and ways in which aquaculture is conducted. Social norm curves show that levels of acceptabilities for shellfish aquaculture development in two RI waterbodies decline with increasing levels of aquaculture activities. Comparisons among sub-sets of respondents highlight disagreement among groups on the level beyond which shellfish aquaculture development is no longer acceptable (social carrying capacity). Results from normative evaluation studies can be used in combination with physical, ecological, and biological carrying capacities; management goals and objectives; other resource uses and values; and desired social and ecological conditions to inform policy discussions about shellfish aquaculture development in coastal waters. 相似文献
8.
Geoffrey B Read 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):83-100
Shells of commercially valued bivalves in New Zealand, Crassostrea gigas, Perna canaliculus and Pecten novaezelandiae, are damaged by blister-causing Polydora polychaete species known to be close in morphology to the widely recorded oyster pest Polydora websteri Hartman. Recent New Zealand occurrences are here confirmed to relate to two species, P. websteri, and a second similar species, Polydora haswelli Blake & Kudenov, a new record for New Zealand, previously known only from Australia; the two species are described and compared. The worms have limited distributions, with P. websteri confirmed only for Pacific oysters (C. gigas) in northern New Zealand, although prior reports indicate it may also occur on scallops and have reached the northern South Island. Polydora haswelli has been found only in northern New Zealand, occurring on subtidal mussels and scallops and native oysters (Perna canaliculus, Pecten novaezelandiae, Ostrea chilensis), as well as co-existing with intertidal P. websteri on Pacific oysters. The worms are not present in Foveaux Strait O. chilensis beds, a major source of past oyster exports to Australia. The history of mud-blister worm outbreaks in Australasia is examined. While trans-Tasman exports of live oysters from New Zealand were commonplace during the nineteenth century, there is no evidence that mud-blister worms were present in New Zealand then. The earliest reports only date from the early 1970s and only from northern New Zealand, whereas a century earlier in the 1870s at least one of these pest worms had become widespread along eastern Australian coasts. 相似文献
9.
中国贝类养殖对海洋碳循环的贡献评估 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
造成全球暖化的主要原因是温室气体的过量排放,其中CO2的贡献率达60%,贝类养殖具有碳沉积作用。依据农业部渔业局编制的《中国渔业统计年签》,以2001年到2010年的年平均产量计算贝类捕获和养殖的碳沉积能力,并评估其碳沉积潜力;计算牡蛎、蛤、扇贝与贻贝4种贝壳单位面积的碳沉积能力并与森林、珊瑚礁的碳沉积能力进行比较分析。分析表明中国近10年贝类总产量稳定在1100万t以上,并有增加的趋势,其中海水养殖贝类约占87.34%。贝类养殖和捕获总产量的碳沉积和海水养殖产量的碳沉积量分别为58.57、51.15万t/a,碳沉积能力分别相当于122.28、106.78万ha的造林,可分别减少大气CO2增加量的0.0125%、0.0109%。牡蛎、蛤、扇贝与贻贝的单位面积碳沉积速率分别为1.573、0.388、0.301、1.039t碳/(ha·a);牡蛎和贻贝高于森林的碳沉积能力0.479t碳/(ha·a);但低于珊瑚礁的碳沉积能力1.8t碳/(ha·a)。中国贝类淡、海水养殖产量可分别创造约268.4万元/a、12 711.2万元/a的碳权商机。 相似文献
10.
对近年来同工酶技术在贝类个体发育、组织特异性、亲缘鉴定、形态分类、群体遗传及生理病理诊断等方面的应用研究进行了系统总结和综合评述,为今后进一步开展研究贝类的生物遗传和养殖生产提供参考。 相似文献
11.
麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins,PSTs)是由某些甲藻产生的一种高毒性神经毒素,在海洋环境中分布广、危害大,可对水产养殖和人类健康造成重大危害;PSTs毒素的毒性大小随种类和结构的不同有较大差异。迄今,国内外学者针对PSTs的来源分布、迁移转化、生物合成及其影响因素等开展了大量的调查研究,但目前对于藻细胞产毒的生物合成途径、遗传学特征及其环境调控机理等研究仍处于起步阶段。PSTs的生物合成过程不仅与藻细胞自身生长阶段有关,还会受到光照、温度、营养盐等多种环境因素的影响,环境条件的改变会引起藻细胞毒素组成和含量发生不同程度的变化。近年来,研究人员应用基因组学和蛋白质组学技术,发现了产生PSTs的典型甲藻——亚历山大藻(Alexandrium)细胞内与PSTs毒素生物合成相关的某些基因或蛋白质,对我们更清晰地了解亚历山大藻产生PSTs毒素的机制具有重要意义。本文综合以往的研究报道,对亚历山大藻中PSTs的生物合成与转化及其主要影响因素进行了总结,以期为产毒有害藻华的防治提供科学依据。 相似文献
12.
13.
麻痹性贝类毒素（paralytic shellfish toxins,PSTs）能够导致贝类、鱼类等海洋生物染毒或死亡,危害海洋生态安全及人类健康。其中,贻贝具有强蓄积性特点,在国外可作为PSTs的指示性生物。近年来,我国因食用贻贝造成多起PSTs中毒事件成为安全关注重点,因此急需弄清其风险形成机理。本文通过综述我国近海贻贝等贝类中PSTs的风险程度、贻贝对不同产毒藻来源的PSTs的蓄积作用,分析环境因子对于蓄积代谢的影响,深入挖掘贻贝蓄积代谢特异性。进而聚焦贻贝代谢阶段的表达调控过程、影响因素、转化作用及方式等。未来应侧重于摸清我国目标区域贻贝等海洋贝类中PSTs基础风险规律和变化过程,并据此建立区域性PSTs风险防控技术,提高我国贻贝中PSTs风险的主动防控能力,对于保障消费者健康和海洋生态安全具有积极意义。 相似文献
14.
我国近海有毒藻和藻毒素问题的研究现状与展望 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
海洋中的一部分微藻能够产生藻毒素,导致鱼、贝类等养殖动物染毒或死亡,甚至危及人类健康和海洋生态安全。近20年来,随着对有害藻华(Harmful algal bloom, HAB)问题关注程度的不断提高和研究手段的快速发展,对我国近海有毒藻和藻毒素的认识也在不断深入。本文针对常见的几类藻毒素,从贝类中藻毒素污染状况、毒素来源、有毒藻藻华状况等角度,对我国当前相关研究工作进展进行了综述。大量研究表明,麻痹性贝毒毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins, PSTs)和腹泻性贝毒毒素(diarrhetic shellfish toxins, DSTs)在我国近海最为常见,其中,麻痹性贝毒主要由有毒亚历山大藻(Alexandrium spp.)产生,产毒藻种常见于南海海湾、福建沿海、长江口邻近海域、海州湾、北黄海和秦皇岛近海等,中毒事件也时有发生。常见的大田软海绵酸、扇贝毒素等腹泻性贝毒毒素多由鳍藻(Dinophysis spp.)产生,我国近海贝类沾染藻毒素的现象也非常常见。近年来,随着高效液相色谱和质谱技术的发展,在我国近海发现了越来越多的有毒藻和藻毒素。在对文献进行综合分析的基础上,简单探讨了有毒藻与藻毒素对海产品食品安全的影响及风险,以及未来研究发展方向。 相似文献
15.
J. B. Jones 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):567-568
Spores of a new species of Nematopsis have been found in the green‐lipped mussel Perna canaliculus Gmelin. This is the first record of a sporozoan parasite of a New Zealand shellfish. 相似文献
16.
The black-footed abalone Haliotis iris is an economically important shellfish species in New Zealand. We successfully amplified, sequenced and analysed the complete nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) of H. iris. The length of the nrDNA was determined to be around 9.6?kb and included, in order, small subunit ribosomal RNA (nrSSU, 1858bp), internal transcribed spacer (ITS, 749?bp), large subunit ribosomal RNA (nrLSU, 3412bp) and an intergenic spacer (IGS, 3560–3662?bp). The nrLSU genes were identical in two individuals, whereas the nrSSU and ITS regions existed at three and four base differences, respectively. The IGS was more variable than the other nrDNA regions. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the ITS sequence datasets, which revealed that Haliotidae has two major subclades, mainly distributed in the North Pacific, Europe and Australia. The complete nrDNA sequence will be useful for the classification, phylogeny and breeding of this shellfish. 相似文献
17.
虾夷扇贝毒素yessotoxins(YTXs),中国沿海贝类中首次发现的一组贝类生物毒素 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法对我国近海贝类中腹泻性贝毒成分进行研究,结果发现采自北黄海大连附近海域的海湾扇贝和虾夷扇贝含有25~41μg/kg的虾夷扇贝毒素(yessotoxin,YTX),在虾夷扇贝体内还含有37.2μg/kg的45-OH-YTX,并在5种贝中发现微量的Homo-YTX毒素组分,这是首次报道在我国贝中检出此类毒素。虾夷扇贝毒素YTXs是一类含有2个磺酰基的脂溶性多环聚醚类化合物,对小鼠的腹腔注射急性致死毒性很高,毒理作用机制尚不清楚。本研究的结果说明我国贝类体内生物毒素成分复杂,亟需进行毒素成分结构、来源生物、生态毒理效应、分布规律及安全限定标准的研究。 相似文献
18.
G. C. Fletcher 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):495-505
The level of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was generally very low in Pacific oysters sampled from 4 New Zealand oyster farms between November 1982 and May 1983. Of the 149 samples collected, only one was found to contain greater than the 1000 organisms g‐1regarded as the maximum allowable by international standards (International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods 1982: Micro‐organisms in Foods, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York). V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 57% of the oyster samples, but 95% of these contained less than 10 organisms g‐1. Maximum levels appeared to coincide with high water temperatures at the farm sites. Chilling, freezing, and depuration reduced V. parahaemolyticus numbers in oysters after harvest. However, holding at ambient temperatures (19–25°C) resulted in up to a 35‐fold increase in organism numbers with a maximum after one day. The food poisoning hazard from V. parahaemolyticus in New Zealand‐grown Pacific oysters thus appears to be minimal. Recommendations are made to keep harvested shellfish cool and to chill them as soon as practical. 相似文献
19.
Bioavailable contaminant concentrations are an important component in assessing environmental effects as they directly affect ecosystem health. Shellfish contaminant monitoring programmes have traditionally filled this requirement but are being phased out in some jurisdictions. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) have the potential to replace shellfish monitoring; however, there are still knowledge gaps to address before this can occur. This study assessed the suitability of three different PSDs in providing the required information to replace shellfish monitoring. PSDs were deployed at three historic mussel monitoring sites with different levels of urban influence in the Waitemata Harbour, Auckland, New Zealand. Contaminants of interest were urban heavy metals, plus current and emerging organic contaminants. PSDs provided extremely low detection limits and, for some contaminants, very strong correlations to shellfish. PSDs can currently complement shellfish in monitoring, but it is premature to make conclusions as to the suitability of PSDs in replacing shellfish monitoring until more information is available. 相似文献
20.
Faecal coliform levels were determined for sea water and shellfish flesh from farms of the green mussel, Perna canaliculus, in Pelorus Sound, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. Simple linear models were developed to relate logarithmically transformed data on the faecal coliform levels to measures of fresh water entering the mussel beds. These models support guidelines to restrict harvesting following periods of heavy rain in order to comply with shellfish sanitation standards. Alternative guidelines are suggested based on the volume of river water entering the sound or salinity. 相似文献