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1.
地幔中水的存在形式和含水量 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
水以含水变质矿物、无水硅酸盐矿物(橄榄石、辉石等)及其高压结构相(β橄榄石、γ橄榄石、钙钛矿相、方镁铁矿等)、高密度含水镁硅酸盐和熔体的形式存在于地幔各层圈中。根据各类玄武岩水含量推断出的上地幔源区的水含量,和由地幔岩主要矿物———橄榄石的水含量估算出的上地幔水含量(质量分数)很接近,在0.02%左右。以橄榄石和辉石高压相的水含量为依据,进行了过渡带和下地幔水含量的估算,其结果是:过渡带和下地幔上部的水含量(质量分数)为1.48%,下地幔下部水含量(质量分数)为0.21%。据此,计算出的地幔各层圈的总水量表明,地幔水的74%以上存在于过渡带和下地幔上部。将地幔总水量和现代海洋总水量之和作为地球总水量,计算出现代海洋总水量约占全球总水量(质量分数)的6.6%,这个结果与笔者根据地球的球粒陨石成分模型计算出的总水量(6%)十分接近。 相似文献
2.
综述了近20年国际上地幔转换带中水的研究进展。前人研究表明,地球深部的水主要以OH-(hy-droxyl)形式存储在名义上无水矿物(NAMs)中。高温高压实验研究表明,地幔转换带中的主要矿物均具有较高的储水能力,且在转换带的温压条件下,其储水能力随着温度的升高而降低,其中瓦兹利石(β-Ol)和林伍德石(γ-Ol)的储水能力为2%～3%,超硅石榴子石(Mj)的储水能力为0.1%左右,据此估算地幔转换带的储水能力约为1.2%～1.91%,是地表水总量的3.9～6.2倍;而转换带除外的上地幔和下地幔主要矿物的含水量或储水能力均小于0.1%,因此与上、下地幔相比,地幔转换带可能是地幔的主要储水库。尽管地幔转换带具有较强的储水能力,但对地幔转换带的实际含水量还存在干、湿两方面的地质和地球物理证据和争议。地幔转换带中的水会对转换带中一系列的过程产生重要影响,当水含量增加时,橄榄石(Ol)向β-Ol、γ-Ol分解以及超硅石榴石的分解反应分别向低压、高压和低压方向迁移,从而由橄榄石向β-Ol和γ-Ol分解两个相变反应界定的转换带宽度也会增加;水还会使地幔深部的部分熔融温度降低,熔体的密度降低;同时,水的加入可以很好地解释地幔岩"pyrolite"模型在410km不连续面处产生的与地震波测量不相符突变,也可以解决全地幔对流模式所不能解释的地幔成分分层问题。因此,深入研究和探讨转换带中的水对地球深部动力学过程的影响,包括中国东部地区受太平洋板块深俯冲作用的影响,均具有重要的约束和研究意义。 相似文献
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《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
水对地幔硅酸盐矿物的物理化学性质、运移迁徙以及热稳定性都有着显著的影响。研究水在地幔矿物中的赋存机制及地球深部的水循环过程,是当今世界矿物学与地球科学领域内的热点和重点之一,这对于我们了解地球深部的岩石矿物学与诸多地球动力学过程都有着深远的意义。首先俯冲板块中的蛇纹石(serpentine,含水量10%~13%)随着板块的向下运动,在高温高压下分解将产生Phase A(含水11.8%)、粒硅镁石(chondrodite,含水5.4%)和斜硅镁石(clinohumite,含水2.9%)[1-3]。这3种矿物为橄榄岩体系中重要的致密高含水硅酸镁(DHMS)成员,通过这些含水矿物作载体,俯冲板块中的水将有可能进入上地幔深部乃至转换带中。而地幔转换带作为地幔物理化学性质剧烈变化的区域(从410~660 km),对地球的岩石圈层结构以及地球动力学都有着特殊的意义[4-6],其贡献主要来自于橄榄石的高压相瓦兹利石(Wadsleyite)和林伍德石(ringwoodite)。这两种矿物占据了地幔转换带体积的60%~70%,为名义上无水矿物(NAMS),但是通过羟基取代(Mg2+=2H+)的方式,可使得其结晶水含量高达3%左右[7-9]。如果瓦兹利石和林伍德石的结晶水含量达到了饱和,将使得地幔转换带的储水能力为地球表面水总量的7~8倍,因此转换带是地球深部最重要的储水层。最近,加拿大Pearson研究小组通过研究来自巴西Juina的金刚石包裹体,发现来自地幔转换带的天然林伍德石的含水量约为1%[10],这与我们通过高温高压实验数据[11],模拟出的地幔转换带中的含水量是一致的。对含水矿物晶体结构的分析将有助于我们从微观机制上认识水(羟基)在硅酸盐矿物中的赋存机制。关于晶体结构方面的工作,我们将介绍以下两个方面:1)通过不同含水量的瓦兹利石和林伍德石晶体结构分析,深入探讨氢离子在名义无水矿物中的取代机理[11-13];2)通过比较合成的和天然的粒硅镁石和斜硅镁石样品,系统分析氟、钛、铁元素对其晶体结构的影响[14-15]。除了探讨晶体结构之外,我们还将通过高温高压实验数据,系统阐述水对上述硅酸盐矿物的热力学状态方程的影响[11-16]。结晶水的进入将会使得矿物的热膨胀系数与压变系数明显增加,这将对上地幔及转换带的动力学产生深远影响。 相似文献
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受时空不可及性的制约,地质学家在探究地球深部物质组成方面仍显得很被动,尤其是在探究地幔物质组成方面显得更加艰难.目前,科学家们探测地幔物质主要依靠地球物理学和实验矿物学、岩石学方法相结合的手段来进行.结果表明,地幔过渡带主要的矿物组成有瓦士利石、林伍德石、超硅石榴子石以及少量的CaSiO3.下地幔主要矿物组成有钙钛矿(Pv)、后钙钛矿(PPv)和镁方铁矿(Mw).在讨论过渡带和下地幔物质组成的基础上,归纳总结了地球内部热源的三种来源,分别是放射性元素的衰变热和初始熔融硅酸盐地球长期冷却放出的热、核幔边界在地磁场和高电导率物质的作用下产生的热以及来自地核的热.这些结论对研究地球深部动力学和热力学过程有重要意义. 相似文献
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在西藏雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩的铬铁矿中，首次发现由100余种（亚种）矿物组成的地幔矿物群，其中包括：自然元素，合金，氧化物，硫（砷）化物和硅酸盐。根据实验资料，其中一部分是超高压成因矿物。可能来自地球核-幔边界，是地球外核与下地幔底部硅酸盐之间化学反应的产物，另一部分矿物可能来自下地幔，过渡带和上地幔。西藏地幔矿物群，无论在矿物学和地球动力学上均有重要意义。 相似文献
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董俊杰 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2023,(2):275-288+252
名义无水矿物(NAMs)是岩石行星地幔中水的主要载体，研究地幔中主要NAMs的水溶解度可以帮助我们估测岩石行星地幔理论上的储水能力，并间接约束其内部的实际含水量。通过统计和统计学习算法等数据科学方法，本文旨在介绍并总结前人对地球、火星和系外行星地幔储水能力的模拟研究工作。本文首先回顾了岩石行星地幔储水能力的热力学理论模型；然后围绕地球和火星的两个实例研究，探讨了如何使用包括稳健回归拟合、蒙特卡罗方法和自助聚集算法等方法，把原子尺度的水溶解度实验数据点和其测量误差转化成行星尺度的储水能力模型；接着介绍了系外行星观测的大样本数据是如何帮助我们理解系外岩石行星储水能力的统计学性质；最后讨论了数据科学方法在矿物物理学研究中的局限性，并对如何更好地将统计及统计学习算法与矿物物理数据研究相结合作出展望。 相似文献
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上地幔可以存储大量的水,水能够极大地增强地幔矿物的电导率。在实验室高温高压条件下获得了含水和不含水矿物电导率不同的结论,有必要广泛开展含水矿物电导率实验研究。基于最新实验结果,充分考虑上地幔热力学条件,矿物体积随深度变化和矿物间水分配情况,对2个研究小组上地幔4种主要矿物实验室电导率结果采用平均方法建立随水含量变化的上地幔电导率-深度曲线,并与实测地球物理模型进行了对比。研究表明,水能够极大地影响上地幔的电性结构,推测上地幔平均水质量分数为0.01%,位于地球化学方法推断的上地幔水质量分数范围(50×10-6~200×10-6)。海洋上地幔软流圈高电导率异常很可能是碳酸盐熔体、硅酸盐熔体及水共同作用的结果。 相似文献
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俯冲物质深地幔循环——地球动力学研究的一个新方向 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地球上发生的各种地壳运动,大规模的火山喷发,不同深度不同规模的地震活动,规模宏大的山脉和高原的形成,以及地球历史上发生的大陆漂移运动,都被认为与板块构造活动密切相关。但这些运动的动力源究竟来自何方?如何去发现和证明它们的存在以及从理论上去认识和解释,是当今地球科学面临的巨大挑战,也是今后很长一段时间内地球科学的前沿和热点问题。近些年,人们通过各种方法,试图从更深部寻找板块作用动力学的证据。首先是地震层析研究取得了很大进展,获得了许多区域性和全球的高分辨率3-D地震地幔波速结构,使得我们得以认识地球深部的结构,探讨地幔的物质组成,流体的作用和动力学过程。证据显示,板块俯冲不仅可以到达地幔过渡带深度,而且可达到下地幔底部,堆积在核幔边界的上部,成为核幔边界产生的地幔柱的重要物质组成。其次是开展了大量的实验岩石学研究,模拟了一系列地球深部的高温高压矿物组合,被认为可能代表了地幔过渡带和下地幔的矿物组合,甚至核幔边界的含水矿物组合。另一方面,计算机模拟实验揭示了冷的大洋岩石圈发生深俯冲是可行的。尤为重要的是,许多来自地幔过渡带甚至下地幔深度的高压矿物已经在自然界陆续被发现,证明其中一些矿物是源自深俯冲的洋壳物质,记录了俯冲洋壳再循环的历史,如产在巴西、南非和加拿大等金伯利岩中的超深金刚石矿物包裹体。此外,洋岛玄武岩和大陆板内玄武岩的研究,也找到了早期俯冲下去的壳源岩石的同位素证据。近些年发现的蛇绿岩型金刚石是另一实证,其金刚石碳同位素和包裹体研究表明它们源自早期俯冲下去的壳源物质,被认为是研究俯冲物质深部再循环的一个新窗口。这些俯冲再循环的物质,被认为是通过地幔柱的活动从深部带至浅表。本文综述了地球深部物质循环的研究现状,强调了该研究的重要性,并认为俯冲物质深部循环是地球动力学研究的一个新方向。 相似文献
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《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2020,(1)
正地球内部水的分配和运输取决于含水相的稳定性。地幔转换带被普遍认为是重要的储水库,因为它的主要组成矿物瓦德利石和林伍德石都可以含有百分之一数量级质量的H2O。水可以被运输到地幔转换带以下深度的程度取决于俯冲板片中含水相的载水能力。斯石英是俯冲洋壳中的重要矿物,但其在下地幔条件的含水能力仍然存在争议。为了研究这一问题,美国卡耐基研究所地球物理实验室和中国北京高压中心的科学家利用金刚石压砧将斯石英在含水环境下加压到27～58 MPa,利用 相似文献
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Guboglo M. N. 《GeoJournal》1980,4(1):53-58
International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen. 相似文献
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Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth
B. P. Kondratyev 《Astronomy Reports》2017,61(8):709-714
It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T 3 = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″. 相似文献
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Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated. 相似文献
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摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。 相似文献
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位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。 相似文献
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某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。 相似文献
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The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Clemente Irigaray Francisco Lamas Rachid El Hamdouni Tomás Fernández José Chacón 《Natural Hazards》2000,21(1):65-81
In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning. 相似文献
20.
The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time. 相似文献