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对虾白斑杆状病毒（WSBV）对斑节对虾 的实验感染与病理学 … 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用取自发病虾塘患典型白斑病的病虾为毒源,对健康斑节对虾Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ ｍｏｎｏｄｏｎ进行人工感染,按Ｋｏｃｈ氏法证实了对虾白斑杆状病毒（ＷＳＢＶ）是白斑病的病原。对人工感染ＷＳＢＶ后的组织病理变化和宿主细胞感染ＷＳＢＶ后的超微病变过程。结果表明：感染ＷＳＢＶ后病虾 的不同组织均存在广泛的变性、坏死,上皮细胞大量解体、脱落;部分细胞核肿大、游离;结缔组织糜烂,呈现空泡化;未发现包涵体。航向电镜照片显 相似文献
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实验感染白斑杆状病毒(WSBV)的斑节对虾血液病理学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用光镜观察经人工感染白斑杆状病毒 (White Spot Baculovirus,WSBV) 后患典型白斑病的斑节对虾 Penaeus monodon 的血淋巴涂片,研究了WSBV导致的淋巴细胞数量及结构异常;通过检测感染WSBV后患病虾与健康虾的血清主要生化指标,首次揭示了两者的主要差异及WSBV在宿主体内增殖的时间过程.结果表明:患病虾淋巴细胞明显减少,无颗粒细胞难以找到,颗粒细胞和小颗粒细胞分别为健康虾的11.7%和4%;颗粒细胞内出现深染区、空白区或异样突起.血涂片上偶尔发现有大型固定性吞噬细胞.在患病虾血清主要生化指标中,Ca2+含量比健康虾显著升高,患病虾为15.93mmol·L-1,健康虾为10.71mmol·L-1;相反,患病虾血清中总蛋白(Tp)、总磷(PB)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)均比健康虾个体低,3者含量依次为:52.07g·L-1,0.34mmol·L-1和35.27IU·L-1,在健康虾个体血清中为:66.29g·L-1,0.66mmol·L-1及82.36IU·L-1;而K+,Mg2+含量无显著差异.血清中Ca2+,PB及TP的含量可以作为斑节对虾感染WSBV后出现白斑病的血清生化特征.斑节对虾感染WSBV后不同时间内血清主要生化指标显示其增殖的时间顺序可能为:24h内主要进行核酸复制,24-48h主要进行囊膜蛋白质的合成,病毒从入侵宿主细胞到从细胞内释放的过程约需48h. 相似文献
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实验感染白斑杆状病毒（WSBV）的斑节对虾血液病理学研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
用光镜观察经人工感染白班杆状病毒（White Spot Baculovirus,WSBV)后患血型血斑病的斑节对虾Penaeus monodon的血淋巴涂片,研究了WSBV导致的淋巴细胞数量及结构异常,通过检测感染WSBV后患病虾与健康虾的血清主要生化指标,首次提示了两的主要差异及WSBV在宿主体内增残的时间过程,结果表明：患病虾淋巴细胞明显减少,无颗粒细胞难以找到,颗粒细胞和小颗粒细胞分别为健康虾的11．7％和4％,颗粒细胞内出现深染区,空白或异样突起,血涂片上偶尔发现有大型固定性吞噬细胞,在患病虾血清主要生化指标中,Ca^2 含量比健康虾显升高,患病虾为15．93mmol\L^-1,健康虾为10．71mmol.L^-1,相反,患病虾血清中总蛋白（Tp),总磷（PB）及乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）均比健康虾个体低,3含量依次为：52．07g.L^-1,0.34mmol.L^-1, 和35.27IU.L^-1,在健康虾个体血清中为：66．29g.L^-1,0.66mmol.L^-1及82.36IU.L^-1,而K^ ,Mg^2 ,含蛳无显差异,血沮中Ca^2 ,PB及TP的含量可以作为斑节对虾感染WSBV后出现白班病的血清生化特征,斑节对虾感染WSBV后不同时间内血清主要生化指标显示增残的时间顺序可能为：24h内主要进行核酸复制,24－48h主要进行囊膜蛋白的合成,病毒从入侵宿主要细胞到从细胞内释放的过程约需48h. 相似文献
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白斑综合症杆状病毒在养殖万氏对虾(Penaeus vannamei)中暴发流行和人工感染研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
白斑综合症杆状病毒(White spot syndrome baculovirus,WSBV)对万氏对虾有较强的致病力,在病虾被感染的2～3d内,就可以使万氏对虾死亡率达83.3%～90%.WSBV对万氏对虾的鳃上皮细胞、甲壳下表皮细胞、胃上皮组织细胞、肌细胞、结缔组织细胞和中肠基底膜下肌细胞以及结缔组织细胞敏感.在细胞质中的完整杆状病毒粒子大小为(129～164)nm×(365～412)nm,在细胞核中的完整杆状病毒粒子大小约为(135～176)nm×(429～480)nm.万氏对虾对wSBv没有明显的抗病性,60d养殖死亡率达90%. 相似文献
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以患病死亡的甲壳上具白斑的斑节对虾(Penaeusmonodon)虾头及从中提取的病毒悬液分别感染中国对虾(Penaeuschinensis)幼虾及日本对虾(Penaeusjaponicus)。感染后此2种对虾均发病死亡 ,且甲壳上均有白斑。电镜下对人工感染的中国对虾幼虾及日本对虾的组织器官进行观察发现了大量的病毒。此病毒为杆状 ,具囊膜 ,无包涵体 ,大小为295nm×105nm。此病毒的形态发生起始于细胞核 ,并可分为4个阶段 :病毒基质的形成、囊膜的形成、病毒的装配和完整的病毒粒子的形成。病毒的装配过程是与其大量迅速繁殖相适应的。 相似文献
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斑节对虾 弧菌病的病理学研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对患有典型弧菌病症状的养殖斑节对虾进行了病理学研究，取病虾血淋巴制作血涂片，并取鳃、肝胰腺、肌肉等组织作组织病理和超微病理观察，同时取肌注感染后的患病对虾测定血淋巴中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活力，结果显示，患病对虾的血细胞数目急剧减少，胞质浓染，透明细胞很难找到，血细胞形态多样，有的伸出伪足或形成异样突起，患病对虾锶、肝胰腺、心脏、肌肉以及胃肠等组织内均出现程度不同的炎症反应，以肝胰腺最为严重，组织中充满大量的浓染血细胞，细胞肿胀，细胞核核质边聚，线粒体肿胀，变性、严重时整个细胞呈溶解状态，此外，在鳃和肝胰腺组织中还发现溶酶体增多的现象，肌注感染2h后，感染对虾的SOD活力即开始显著下降，之后缓慢回升，至48h恢复大部分活力。 相似文献
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斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon白斑综合症是由白斑综合症杆状病毒 (WSBV)所致。患有典型白斑综合症的斑节对虾 ,用两种提取病毒模板DNA的方法 ,进行PCR扩增 :一种是用传统的方法 ,即蛋白酶K ,CTAB等消化 ,酚 /氯仿抽提 ,乙醇沉淀得到DNA ;另一种是用改进的煮沸法提取病毒DNA。对比发现后一种方法稳定性及敏感性比前者高 ,重复性好。用后一种方法对病虾的复眼进行检测 ,PCR结果为阳性。应用后一种方法还对病虾的各组织器官及人工感染的虾进行检测 ,发现病虾中除肝胰腺外 ,附肢、肌肉、心脏、鳃、胃、中肠、神经、复眼、表皮结果均为阳性。感染实验中 ,出现阳性结果注射感染比投喂感染早 ,而且肌肉和附肢较敏感。 相似文献
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对潮阳县古埕村养殖斑节对虾Penaeus monodon的成体病虾在光学显微镜下作病理组织诊断表明,被病原体感染的肝胰脏腺泡管和导管的上皮细胞核肥大,其内包含一些近似圆球形的包涵体,分别用苏木精-曙红、姬姆舍、孚尔根和Brown and Breen's Gram等染色剂作比较染色。致病细胞发育分:(1)指环期;(2)未成熟包涵体期;(3)成熟包涵体期。该病毒包涵体的形状、大小和形成部位、致病细胞发育期和组织病理初步分析等均与Lightner等对斑节对虾杆状病毒(MBV)的描述一致。 相似文献
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白斑综合征病毒对脊尾白虾的致病性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2010年、2011年江苏沿海多数地方海水养殖中发生了脊尾白虾大规模死亡的现象,本课题通过对患暴发性流行病的脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)进行病毒分子生物学检测,发现病虾体内白斑综合征病毒(White Spot Syndrome Virus,简称WSSV)检测普遍呈阳性;应用发病虾组织制备的病毒粗提液,进行了人工感染实验,实验表明该病毒对脊尾白虾具有较强的致病性,可引起68.5%的死亡率。电镜结果表明,发病虾与感染病虾鳃及肝胰脏等组织器官都发生了相同的细胞病理变化,主要表现为细胞核内染色质边聚、线粒体肿胀、内嵴消失等一系列细胞病理变化,在其细胞核与细胞质中发现了具有单层囊膜结构的对虾白斑综合征病毒粒子,病毒粒子大小约为(130~170)nm×(305~405)nm,核衣壳呈子弹形,一端较细另一端较粗,完整病毒粒子由核心、衣壳和囊膜构成,分子生物学实验表明该病毒为WSSV。实验结果符合柯赫氏法则,可以初步推断WSSV感染脊尾白虾并与引发的大规模死亡有着直接关系。 相似文献
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Chandralata Raghukumar G. Sheelu P. A. Loka Bharathi Shanta Nair C. Mohandass 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):1-16
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance. 相似文献
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海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
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Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm. 相似文献
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Derek V. Ellis 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):51-63
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested. 相似文献
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G. Parthiban 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):223-235
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement. 相似文献
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Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level. 相似文献
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Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations. 相似文献
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The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments. 相似文献