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甲壳寡糖的研究与应用 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
甲壳质 ,又名甲壳素、几丁质 ,主要存在于虾、蟹、蛹及昆虫等动物外壳以及菌类、藻类植物的细胞壁中［１］。甲壳质及其衍生物具有良好的吸湿性、成膜性、气透性、降解性、生物相溶性、无毒副作用以及不污染环境的优良性质 ,广泛应用于环保、水处理、食品、化工、医药、纺织、造纸、烟草、农业、化妆品、印染、生物医学、酶制剂、保健品、金属回收及提取等许多行业中。甲壳质作为一种纯天然可再生的自然资源 ,开发及应用具有极其深远的意义。但是 ,甲壳质的高度不溶性质极大地限制了它的应用 ,必须对甲壳质进行化学深加工 ,进行结构修饰 ,或… 相似文献
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壳聚糖是一种天然聚阳离子碱性多糖,其化学名称为(1,4)-2-氨基-2-脱氧-βD-葡聚糖,是甲壳素脱乙酰基衍生物.近年来,对其研究特别侧重于生物医学及药物制剂等领域,研究证实壳聚糖具有生物黏附性和多种生物活性,它能与活体组织相容,不会引起过敏反应和排斥现象,其被体内的溶菌酶、胃蛋白酶降解后,降解产物能完全地被人体吸收,无毒、无副作用,比较适于作为缓控释辅料[1～5].壳聚糖包封药物后,可使其释放减慢、疗效延长,毒副作用降低,利用壳聚糖制备缓释、控释制剂已成为近年来新剂型研究的热点[6],作者综述了壳聚糖药物缓释微球研究的应用进展. 相似文献
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壳聚糖在药物缓释中的研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
壳聚糖也称甲壳胺或几丁聚糖壳聚糖,是一种天然聚阳离子碱性多糖,其化学名称为(1,4)-2-氨基-2-脱氧-β-D-葡聚糖,是甲壳素脱乙酰基的产物,而甲壳素是虾、蟹等甲壳动物外壳的主要成分,广泛存在于自然界。壳聚糖具有很好的生物相容性和生物可降解性,且其降解产物对人体健康无害,近年来在药物制剂中的应用越来越广泛,作者就壳聚糖在药物缓释、控释中的应用研究进展作一综述。1壳聚糖的药理作用1.1壳聚糖的药理特性壳聚糖及其衍生物是来源于海洋的天然高分子化合物,是天然的动物性食物纤维,是自然界存在的惟一一种碱性多糖,壳聚糖的基本结构单… 相似文献
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壳聚糖及其衍生物的抗菌活性研究进展 总被引：29，自引：0，他引：29
甲壳素 (Ｃｈｉｔｉｎ) ,即几丁质 ,是来源于海洋无脊椎动物、真菌、昆虫的一类天然高分子聚合物 ,属于氨基多糖 ,在自然界中资源丰富［１］。而壳聚糖（Ｃｈｉｔｏｓａｎ）是甲壳素脱乙酰的产物 ,学名为 (１ ,４) ２ 氨基 ２ 脱氧 β Ｄ 葡聚糖。研究表明 ,壳聚糖有抗菌活性 ,且由于其良好的生物相容性、成膜性、无毒性和可生物降解等特性 ,在食品、医药、纺织、印染、化妆品及环保等工业上有广泛的用途。但是由于壳聚糖分子中的一些氢键作用 ( -Ｏ -Ｈ┅Ｏ -型及Ｎ -Ｈ┅Ｏ型 ) ,使其很难溶于一般的有机溶剂和水中 ,只能在酸性领域内显… 相似文献
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甲壳素是一种天然高分子多糖，具有与纤维素相近的骨架结构，其资源丰富，用途广泛(方波，1998)。但由于分子内和分子间存在很强的氢键作用力，因而不能熔融，也不溶于普通溶剂(如水、乙醇等)(董炎明等，2002)，实际应用中较多的是其部分或全部脱乙酰化产物——壳聚糖。壳聚糖虽然可以溶于酸性水溶液，但不能直接溶于水中，且在酸性水溶液中不稳定，也不溶于一般的有机溶剂，这在很大程度上限制了它的应用(董炎明等，2002)。所以，水溶性壳聚糖衍生物的研制正成为一个新的研究方向。壳聚糖分子中C2位上的-NH2，C3、C6位上的-OH，均具有较强的反应活性，在适当条件下可进行多种化学修饰，如酰基化、羧烷基化、硫酸酯化、烷基化、羟烷基化及氰烷基化等。引入上述功能性基团，可增加壳聚糖的溶解性和功能性，拓宽了壳聚糖的应用范围。这些衍生物的制备研究已成为壳聚糖应用开发的主要方向之一。 相似文献
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壳聚糖抑菌性能研究进展 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
壳聚糖又名甲壳胺,是甲壳素脱乙酰的产物,学名为1,4-2-氨基2-脱氧-β-D葡萄糖。壳聚糖来源于甲壳动物和昆虫的外骨骼,在地球上含量及为丰富。作为一种天然的多阳离子化合物,由于其具有良好的生物降解性、生物相溶性、无毒性和广谱抗菌性等特点,近年来越来越受到人们的重视,尤其在壳聚糖的抑菌方面,关于壳聚糖的抑菌机理抑菌效果和构效关系等方面都进行了大量的研究,由于壳聚糖的水溶性较差,限制了它的应用范围,根据这一特点,人们开始致力于其水溶性衍生物的开发和抑菌方面的研究与应用,取得了不少新的研究进展,为壳聚糖在抗菌方面的应用提供了大量的基础理论。作者就以上几个方面的问题进行了综述。 相似文献
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甲壳质、壳聚糖及其衍生物的免疫与抗癌活性 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
自１８１１年Ｂｒａｃｏｍｎｏ发现甲壳质以来,人们对它进行了广泛深入的研究及开发利用。其研究和利用已涉及到工业、农业、医学、环境保护、国防、食品、日用化工等众多领域,尤其是在医药方面的应用,引起极大关注。据报道,甲壳质、壳聚糖及其衍生物具有辅助免疫、抑制癌细胞及肿瘤生长等作用,因此,这类物质不仅可以作为健康人防癌、提高免疫力的保健品,还可以在临床上治疗早期癌症,并对中晚期癌症病人的放化疗起到保护作用,从而有效提高疗效、减少痛苦、延长病人的生命。１ 甲壳质、壳聚糖及其衍生物的免疫活性及机理１．１ 免… 相似文献
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Peter R. Payne 《Ocean Engineering》1984,11(2):129-184
This paper gives an overview of the development of the supercritical planing hull concept during the last two decades. Our starting point was the body of theoretical and tank testing work on supercritical displacement ships which was completed by Lewis and others by 1960. In 1964 we launched a manned model small waterplane twin hull (SWATH) craft having a very low pitch stiffness, and thus very little pitching motion at wave encounter frequencies above resonance. A second craft was launched the following year, after which we changed the emphasis of our program to the higher speeds associated with planning craft. Planning catamarans occupied us between 1967 and 1971, when the first Sea Knife monohull supercritical planning hull was launched. The most recent Sea Knife is 34 ft L.O.A., displaces 16,000 lb with full fuel and crew, has been timed at 80 mph in sea state 3, and (from model tests) can do the same in sea state 4 with a comfortable ride. We conclude that supercritical planing hulls are very suitable for high speed ferries, patrol craft and crewboats, and that the technology is now mature. 相似文献
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Weather routing methods are essential for planning routes for commercial shipping and recreational craft. This paper provides a methodology for quantifying the significance of numerical error and performance model uncertainty on the predictions returned from a weather routing algorithm. The numerical error of the routing algorithm is estimated by solving the optimum path over different discretizations of the environment. The uncertainty associated with the performance model is linearly varied in order to quantify its significance. The methodology is applied to a sailing craft routing problem: the prediction of the voyaging time for an ethnographic voyaging canoe across long distance voyages in Polynesia. We find that the average numerical error is an order of magnitude smaller than the performance model uncertainty. These results illustrate the significance of considering the influence of numerical error and performance uncertainty when performing a weather routing study. 相似文献
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This paper describes an effort to develop a predictive tool for the design of a new promising marine transport — the WIG craft. The presented mathematical model of the WIG craft is capable of modeling the aerodynamics of a WIG system including the ground effect, the hydrodynamics of a stepped planing hull with a hydrofoil and also the simulation of motion for the craft. Based on extensive experience using the model, it is shown that the most important and necessary features of WIG aero- and hydrodynamics are taken into account. The results of simulations have been validated through comparison with other theoretical approaches and also with model experiments. The mathematical model is applied to investigate the dynamics of the small manually piloted WIG craft: “Hydrowing VT01”. The numerical study resulted in recommendations allowing the pilot to overcome the pitch-up tendency and also to perform the take-off manoeuvre smoothly. The stability of the WIG with a hydrofoil and also the dynamic properties of anti-collision manoeuvres have been studied and are presented. 相似文献
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During severe storms, evacuation systems for offshore rigs and platforms currently in use have proven themselves to be inadequate. Typically, during deployment of a lifeboat, it is often damaged to the point of not being seaworthy before it reaches the ocean surface. This is especially the case for cable-launched boats where a pendulum-like motion of the craft on its cables is often set up. It is less of a problem for free-fall lifeboats. Even when a craft reaches the ocean surface intact, high winds and waves can drive it back against the rig/platform structure. This paper describes the state-of-the-art of evacuation. It focuses on two new systems being developed by the authors in Newfoundland, Canada. 相似文献
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With a large number of recreational craft there is an interest in the development of efficient, high thrust outboard propellers. There has been some success with ‘cupped' propellers with a bent trailing edge. Along the same lines is a simpler idea of attaching a raised bar called an ‘Interceptor' or ‘Spoiler' on the propeller blade trailing edge. For the small diameter propeller, this simplifies the design to adjusting the height of the bar. This paper presents a three-part design study which examines the range of available outboard propellers, the optimum size of outboard propellers, and the capability of predicting the influence of the spoiler on the outboard propeller performance. The results indicate the feasibility of the outboard propeller with spoiler. 相似文献
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This paper analyzes the hydrodynamic performance of a planing craft with a fixed hydrofoil in regular waves. Numerical simulations are carried out based on a RANS-VOF solver to study the hydrodynamic performance of the planing craft and the influence of the fixed hydrofoil on its seakeeping. To validate the numerical method, a series of hydrodynamic experiments of a bare planing craft without the hydrofoil were carried out, from which the seakeeping performance of the planing craft was recorded, the numerical method based on overset grid was compared with the experiment and verified reliable. Eight hydrofoil design cases were then studied, whereby, their seakeeping performance in regular wave conditions were predicted through the numerical method which has been verified reliable and compared with each other. Effects of hydrofoil parameters, such as angle of attack and installation height, on the seakeeping performance were investigated. Finally, the suitable installation parameters which can optimize the performance of hydrofoil and reduce the negative influence are verified. The influence of the speed on the effect of the hydrofoil and the flow field around the planing craft are also investigated. 相似文献
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This paper reviews the development of ship anti-roll tanks from the 1880s to the present day including their modelling and control strategies. Mention is also made of other ship roll stabilization systems and the application of the technology to stabilization of other structures. The potential for the use of roll stabilization tanks on modern, high speed multi-hull craft which also have a low speed operational requirement is also discussed. 相似文献
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The current control system of a fully-submerged hydrofoil craft based on optimal feedback control has several problems: it has no good performance of contouring waves and it cannot reduce the effect of wave disturbance. In this paper, we apply the optimal preview servo system to the longitudinal control system of a fully-submerged hydrofoil craft in order to settle the problems of current control system. The control system based on optimal preview servo system is composed of feedback controller and feedforward controller. Also in order to design the control system, the necessary prediction range of future information, the weight function in performance index, the future reference input and wave disturbance are determined. Finally, the validity of the proposed control system in this paper is confirmed by simulation. The simulation results show that the control system has good performance of contouring waves in following seas and is effective to settle the problems of current control system of a fully-submerged hydrofoil craft. 相似文献
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K. D. H. Bob-Manuel 《Ocean Engineering》2002,29(14):1841-1851
The prediction of capsize of small high-speed craft is highly complex. In this paper, risk analysis is applied to predict the probability of capsize of two types of high-speed craft due to dangerous wave events in the estuary of the Bonny River in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Fibreglass reinforced plastic (FRP) hull craft, widely used for transportation, were considered for the prediction. The probability of the craft encountering a dangerous wave situation at a random position at sea and the probability of capsize were calculated using published wave statistics and computer-based analytical models. Results obtained compared favourably with similar analyses carried out by previous investigators for other regions. Various rational and practical ways of reducing the probability of capsize to an acceptable level are presented. From the prediction it was established that human error was a predominant factor in the capsize of vessels. 相似文献